Fencing Parries Classified - The Classical French Foil Parries
The basic parries of the French school of the foil evolved from smallsword play in the 1700s with certain elements that clearly come from rapier play in the late 1500s and early 1600s, and even longsword technique of the 1400s. By the late 1800s the set of parries used in classical fencing were well established, parries that continue in use today in modern fencing.
The parry system of the classical period from the 1870s through the 1930s is distinguished by several elements. First, parries were developed to cover and protect lines, generally accepted as high and low lines horizontally separated and inside and outside lines vertically separated. The area of these lines varied with the foil target area, which was not firmly established to a single standard until the elimination of the waist length target for women's foil in the 1950s. That also meant that the way in which the parries were executed, especially for the low line parries, also varied to some degree throughout the period.
Second, parries were defined by how the hand was held. The conventional view is that parries were either pronated (the weapon held with the knuckles of the hand uppermost) or supinated (held with the knuckles on the bottom of the hand and the palm of the hand and tips of the fingers uppermost). This is not completely true. The pronated parries were certainly held with the knuckles uppermost. However, as early as the 1870s the supinated parry was also held in the modern thumb upward and fingers to the inside line position, termed a middle position. As a practical matter the thumb upward position is physically stronger, reduces stress on the arm, and is more tolerant of errors in point control than is a pure supinated position.
By the late 1880s two standard parry systems were in use - one pronated and the other supinated or middle position. Each achieved the same basic goal, complete coverage of the four lines (high inside, high outside, low outside, and low inside. Depending on the fencing master and the date, either both systems were taught, one or the other system was dominant, or some mix of the two systems was preferred.
The supinated or middle position system included the following parries:
... Sixth - to protect the high outside line.
... Eighth - to protect the low outside line.
... Seventh - to protect the low inside line.
... Fourth - to protect the high inside line.
The pronated system included the following parries:
... First - to protect the high inside line with some capability to protect the low inside line.
... Second - to protect the low outside line.
... Third - to protect the high outside line.
... Fifth - to protect the low inside line with some capability to protect the high inside line.
The classical fencer who wishes to take a traditional approach to learning classical technique might well start by learning the pronated system first. Pronated parries were very important to the earlier smallsword play, were in common use in the early to middle 1800s, and continued in general use throughout the classical period. Perhaps the easier system to master for the person exploring classical fencing is the middle position system of 4th, 6th, 7th, and 8th. Under any conditions, the purely supinated system is the least easy to master and should probably be the last explored.
Fencing Parries Classified - The Classical French Foil Parries
DIFF SET
Fencing Parries Classified - The Classical French Foil Parries
Fencing Parries Classified - The Classical French Foil Parries Fencing Parries Classified - The Classical French Foil Parries
DIFF SET
Fencing Parries Classified - The Classical French Foil Parries
Fencing Parries Classified - The Classical French Foil Parries
BestCustomerReview
하리 Hari - 귀요미송 Kiyomi Song [engl. 한글 and deutsch Songtext below, mp3 download 4free]
하리 Hari - 귀요미송 Kiyomi Song [engl. 한글 and deutsch Songtext below, mp3 download 4free]
Video Clips. Duration : 2.77 Mins.
하리 Hari - 귀요미송 Kiyomi Song [engl. 한글 and deutsch Songtext below, mp3 download 4free]
Songtext below as requested. Here is the hanguel original, and english and a german translation. You can download for free here http://a.tumblr.com/tumblr_mi...
하리 Hari - 귀요미송 Kiyomi Song [engl. 한글 and deutsch Songtext below, mp3 download 4free]
하리 Hari - 귀요미송 Kiyomi Song [engl. 한글 and deutsch Songtext below, mp3 download 4free]
Second-Order Differential Equations Initial Value Problems Example 1
Second-Order Differential Equations Initial Value Problems Example 1
Tube. Duration : 10.47 Mins.
Second-Order Differential Equations Initial Value Problems Example 1
www.integralcalc.com How to solve second-order differential equations with distinct real roots.
Second-Order Differential Equations Initial Value Problems Example 1
Second-Order Differential Equations Initial Value Problems Example 1
The Big Red Machine (Gmod Truck).
A video of my Big Red Machine monster truck driving about. The truck has; Full independent suspension. Full four wheel drive. Twin diff's. All parts weight 250 bar 4 small tesla wheels. Roll Cage ... sort of. Hydro based steering. 8 thruster short throw slapper engine. 8 thruster for fire (just awesome). 3 Speed gearbox. Clutch ... sort of. So, a fair whack of stuff which is why it makes my pc do 7fps with Fraps. Anyway, enjoy.
The Big Red Machine (Gmod Truck).
1969 Chevrolet Nova SS 396 FOR SALE flemings ultimate garage
Video Clips. Duration : 7.35 Mins.
1969 Chevrolet Nova SS 396 FOR SALE flemings ultimate garage
www.flemingsultimategarage.com Original factory Super Sport, matching #'s Chevrolet 396cid big block V-8 @ 350hp, 4-speed close ratio trans, factory 12 bolt posi-traction rear diff, correct coded mirror finish Lemans blue paint, correct coded black bucket seat interior w/ factory console, great sounding ceramic coated dual exhaust, factory SS wheels w/ redline tires, power disc brakes, great looking chrome and stainless, detailed engine & trunk compartments, show or drive this original, fast, and very rare 396 SS. www.flemingsultimategarage.com 301.816.1000
1969 Chevrolet Nova SS 396 FOR SALE flemings ultimate garage
1969 Chevrolet Nova SS 396 FOR SALE flemings ultimate garage
No URL
1969 Chevrolet Nova SS 396 FOR SALE flemings ultimate garage
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
Introduction
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
Ice Cube-Now I Gotta Wet'Cha-The Predator
Tube. Duration : 4.00 Mins.
Ice Cube-Now I Gotta Wet'Cha-The Predator
Artist:Ice Cube Title:Now I Gotta Wet'Cha Album:The Predator Year:1992 Lyrics: It's on like Donkey Kong You wanted that fast buck now I gotta light that ass up The nigga with the big fat trigger Don't test me, gravedigger had to take a swig of the ST, remember the time we first met up You threw your set up now you gotta get wet up BOOM! PING! BUCK! POW! Now who's that nigga with the diff'rent style? Uhh, ya wanted ta trip It's all about the clip and who can empty it First mate, they made day AK and I'll Kurtis Blow ya ass away like AJ I'm almost certain I'm put on the hurtin Bitch, it's curtains! Locced in my motherfuckin head Gotta play connect-the-dots with my infrared You in danger, Mr Gangbanger It ain't cool to take nappy from a stranger Wit'cha drive-by's it took time to catch ya but now I gotta wet'cha Chorus: Now I gotta wet'cha (wet'cha) Now I gotta wet'cha (wet'cha) I'm comin ta get'cha (get'cha) You better hope I don't catch ya (catch ya) (You're all wet) The nigga with the big fat trigger (You're all wet) The nigga with the big fat trigger SIMI Valley for the KKK, rally A place on the map where the order is 4 devils can beat up a motorist and get nothin but a slap on the wrist Gorillas, gorillas report to the mist The fist of fury and I'ma shove em Motherfuck the jury and who ever love em Why you have to leave it to Beaver? Now I'm chasin Beaver' ass with a cleaver With the swing, swing, swing and chop, chop, chop Get them on, nigga cos tonight we're havin ...
Electric Low Speed Vehicles (LSV's) are becoming tremendously popular these days for a number of reasons. They are quiet, fun and relatively comfortable to drive, but more importantly, they do not use fossil fuel. New LSV's like the GEM and others can be very expensive though and not a practical purchase for those who would only use them occasionally or on weekends. Welcome the "lease turn in", out of warrantee, golf course Fleet Vehicles (golf carts) to the rescue. Three year old Club Car, EZ-Go and others show up by the thousands at auctions across the US every year. Some end up in neighborhood classified ads or used car lots after a quick cosmetic makeover. Many of them make their way to "chop shops" where they are stripped of their original golf paraphernalia, jacked up, fitted with showy wheels, carbon fiber dashboards, plush upholstery and satellite radios. They have paint themes ranging from your favorite adult beverage to your alma mater's team and such. A 00 golf cart is magically transformed into a ,000 "pride ride" for some lucky consumer.
High Speed Golf Carts: Choosing Your Options
FJ 80 Landcruiser body 6BT Cummins agent #2
Tube. Duration : 5.95 Mins.
FJ 80 Landcruiser body 6BT Cummins agent #2
Part 2 of the Bronco/Landcruiser/12V Cummins project. 1991 FJ80 1991 Cummins 6BT 1988 Ford Bronco stretched frame 1978 Ford F350 Dana 60 front with ARB air locker 1988 Ford F350 Sterling 10.25 rear axle with Detroit Locker Ford C-6 auto trans with Kevlar clutches, bands and E4OD low geared planetary set Borg Warner 1356 T-case Runs on straight waste veggie oil Moab is calling!!!!!
No URL
FJ 80 Landcruiser body 6BT Cummins agent #2
Changes to Illinois' Workers' Compensation Law in 2011
In the spring of 2011, Illinois lawmakers made some changes to our state's workers' compensation laws. In this area of law, the interests of the employee and those of the employer are generally at odds. The new changes are aimed at helping businesses save money, which inevitably comes at the expense of injured workers.
Changes to Illinois' Workers' Compensation Law in 2011
DRIVE's Le Mans LiveStream - Part 1
Tube. Duration : 334.93 Mins.
DRIVE's Le Mans LiveStream - Part 1
The Le Mans 24 is the world's premiere motorsport event. Watch with us! /DRIVE's groundbreaking 25 Hours of Le Mans Livestream is the ultimate online companion any Le Mans broadcast. So, pull up a laptop, hang out, and chat with the /DRIVE team as we bring you hourly race analysis, on-scene interviews, commentary, and full-contact spectating. Part 1 - 0:00:00 Part 2 - 0:56:16 Part 3 - 1:57:16 Part 4 - 2:37:52 Part 5 - 3:34:45 Part 6 - 4:34:54
Vomiting in dogs is a very common occurrence and can arise from a wide variety of causes, from simple gastritis to complex diseases of other body systems. Not only is it very distressing for both the dog and owner, it also provides a challenge for the veterinarian. This article explains the multiple causes of vomiting in dogs, including adverse food reactions, and the range of treatment options available.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
Rear Differential Gear Swap on Ford F-150
Video Clips. Duration : 23.45 Mins.
Rear Differential Gear Swap on Ford F-150
Chris Duke from Motorz TV www.motorz.tv shows you how to a upgrade the gears on a 2005 Ford F-150 from 3.55 to 4.56 using products from Motive Gear, PML, Royal Purple, and DiabloSport. Show notes: www.motorz.tv Website: www.motorz.tv Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com
Vomiting in dogs is a very common occurrence and can arise from a wide variety of causes, from simple gastritis to complex diseases of other body systems. Not only is it very distressing for both the dog and owner, it also provides a challenge for the veterinarian. This article explains the multiple causes of vomiting in dogs, including adverse food reactions, and the range of treatment options available.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
BMW E34 540i V8 Burnout
Tube. Duration : 0.82 Mins.
BMW E34 540i V8 Burnout
Massive 2nd gear burnout! Standard car with 6 speed manual gearbox and open diff, only mod being the MIJ exhaust.
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
Introduction
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
Dana 35 Spartan Locker Installation.wmv
Video Clips. Duration : 2.40 Mins.
Dana 35 Spartan Locker Installation.wmv
This video is a simplified installation of a Yukon Gear Spartan Locker in a 1998 Jeep Wrangler with a Dana 35 rear axle. Total install time was 2 hours. This is an excellent locker for both on and off-road applications. It is both easy to install and is also easy on the pocket book. This is an excellent product that will greatly increase the performance of your vehicle. Easy installation.
Electric Low Speed Vehicles (LSV's) are becoming tremendously popular these days for a number of reasons. They are quiet, fun and relatively comfortable to drive, but more importantly, they do not use fossil fuel. New LSV's like the GEM and others can be very expensive though and not a practical purchase for those who would only use them occasionally or on weekends. Welcome the "lease turn in", out of warrantee, golf course Fleet Vehicles (golf carts) to the rescue. Three year old Club Car, EZ-Go and others show up by the thousands at auctions across the US every year. Some end up in neighborhood classified ads or used car lots after a quick cosmetic makeover. Many of them make their way to "chop shops" where they are stripped of their original golf paraphernalia, jacked up, fitted with showy wheels, carbon fiber dashboards, plush upholstery and satellite radios. They have paint themes ranging from your favorite adult beverage to your alma mater's team and such. A 00 golf cart is magically transformed into a ,000 "pride ride" for some lucky consumer.
Mic Shoot Out!: Shure SM7B vs Shure SM57. Both Mics are a "Must Have" for any studio!! The SM7B is priced around 0 and is a Broadcast microphone (often used for Loud Vocals) and the SM57 is a "Work Horse" mic priced around 0.Both Mics are going through a Tascam US1641 USB Audio Interface into an iMac 24" and Logic Studio 9. I did not have both mics set up on different inputs... both are going through input one (Switching the Cable and placing the mics after each take). Guitar used was a Paul Reed Smith Custom 22 Brazilian Limited Edition. Which Mic do you think sounds better? I will be doing more Mic Shoot-outs over the next few Months...
No URL
Microphone Shoot-Out!: Shure SM7B vs Shure SM57 (Mesa Dual Rectifier/PRS Custom 22)
Diamond or Cubic Zirconia - Knowing the Difference Can Save You Money!
So what is the difference between diamond and cubic zirconia? Why is cubic zirconia (CZ) quickly becoming more popular as a desirable substitute for diamond? Gemologists can agree that CZ comes closer than any other gem material to matching the characteristics of a diamond.
Diamond or Cubic Zirconia - Knowing the Difference Can Save You Money!
Alternator Internal Workings - Voltage Doubler / Quadrupler
Video Clips. Duration : 5.50 Mins.
Alternator Internal Workings - Voltage Doubler / Quadrupler
Quick Overview of the inner workings of the all to common alternator that is found in every car known to date. This is the basis for Stanley Meyer modified y-phase alternator designs so why not study the internal aspect and bring it to light. Also go into Voltage Doubler / Quadrupler Circuiry that can be coupled to a modified re-wound alternator that could put out excess of 500VAC. With a doubler circuit we could have in the range of 1-kiloVolt, with a quadrupler in excess of 2-kiloVolt, possibly 6-kiloVolt if set-up properly. These are all things to conclude, but these circuits work! The main issue with using a car invertor is the fact we do not have the proper Hertz. We need to use the alternator tuned to a higher frequency to opperate these circuits correctly. Will provide schematics and photo links to higher quality imagery seen in the video. Please check back a day in advance. Thanks for watching my videos. Regards, sirHOAX
Alternator Internal Workings - Voltage Doubler / Quadrupler
Project Import: Inside the case of a 2006 Subaru WRX Transmission
No URL
Project Import: Inside the case of a 2006 Subaru WRX Transmission
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
Vomiting in dogs is a very common occurrence and can arise from a wide variety of causes, from simple gastritis to complex diseases of other body systems. Not only is it very distressing for both the dog and owner, it also provides a challenge for the veterinarian. This article explains the multiple causes of vomiting in dogs, including adverse food reactions, and the range of treatment options available.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
Holden Commodore VR V6 With T70 Turbo. Startup, abandoned and baby revs
Tube. Duration : 2.13 Mins.
Holden Commodore VR V6 With T70 Turbo. Startup, abandoned and baby revs
Just testing out the new HD camera, figured I might as well do a new video showing what the car is like now. Still very much a work in progress, shown by mismatched leads and cable ties. But for those who are interested, the simple specs are: Factory Unopened L27 Buick V6 Engine (decent) Chinese T70 0.70 front 0.84 rear (Running 10psi atm) DSR 38mm Wastegate with 7.4psi spring Tial "styled" 50mm Blow off valve Bosch EV1 44lb Injectors GM 2 bar MAP sensor Re-tuned delco ecu for all mods Full 3" intercooler piping with a 600x300x76 FMIC Full custom made 3" Exhaust with 2 450mm Coby's Using factory drivers manifold with custom crossover pipe merges into custom passengers manifold then into the turbo Shift kitted / Corvette servo fitted 4l60E transmission with large trans cooler Car has done upwards of 2500km since this most recent setup and has been handling it quite well, only problems so far have been the air filter, and leads melting but apart from that, it's been a real pleasure. Next on the list is some form of locked diff, and a few more psi in the intake!
Holden Commodore VR V6 With T70 Turbo. Startup, abandoned and baby revs
Holden Commodore VR V6 With T70 Turbo. Startup, abandoned and baby revs
No URL
Holden Commodore VR V6 With T70 Turbo. Startup, abandoned and baby revs
Keywords:
What is vomiting?
DIFF SET
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
Vomiting is the expulsion of food, fluid or debris from the stomach or small intestine due to coordinated movements of the gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. It is important to differentiate this from regurgitation, which is a passive process rather than a coordinated effort like vomiting.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
No URL
Regurgitation is a sign of disease in the esophagus, such as obstructions (foreign bodies such as a stick, bone or toy, or a stricture), esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) or megaesophagus (dilatation of the esophagus due to weakening of the smooth muscle). The main difference between regurgitation and vomiting is that regurgitation is effortless, while vomiting is accompanied by strong abdominal contractions.
How can I tell vomiting and regurgitation apart?
Sometimes this is not easy to do. Generally speaking, if it happens immediately after eating it is more likely to be regurgitation (though vomiting can still occur then). If the content of the material expelled appears to be completely undigested food, this also supports regurgitation. If the presence of bile can be confirmed though, it is more likely to be vomiting.
Causes of vomiting
The most common causes of vomiting are dietary related, either through dietary indiscretion (e.g. overeating, eating overly rich or spoiled food) which causes acute (sudden) vomiting, or adverse food reactions (food allergies) which can cause chronic (long term and intermittent) vomiting.
However, there are a huge number of other causes arising from either the gastrointestinal system itself (stomach and small intestine) or secondary to disease elsewhere in the body (e.g. liver or kidney disease). Within the stomach, possible causes include:
1. Gastritis (inflammatory disease)
2. Stomach ulceration
3. Stomach cancer
4. Obstruction (foreign bodies, telescoping of intestine)
5. Hiatal hernia (part stomach herniating through the diaphragm)
Possible causes within the intestine include:
1. Infectious diseases (e.g. parvovirus)
2. Worms
3. Inflammatory bowel disease
4. Intestinal cancer
Secondary causes of vomiting that are due to disease elsewhere in the body include:
1. Pancreatitis (infection or inflammation of the pancreas)
2. Peritonitis (infection in the abdominal cavity)
Other potential causes that do not fit into the above categories are drug reactions (e.g. digoxin, chemotherapy drugs, NSAIDs) and neurological disorders.
Treatment of vomiting
Vomiting is a symptom, not a disease in itself. Whether or not treatment is appropriate depends upon the individual circumstances. If the dog is only vomiting occasionally, is bright and otherwise normal on examination, treatment is probably not necessary. Some dogs with sensitive digestive systems will vomit once or twice a month regardless of any treatment, and if they are otherwise well this should be ignored.
For acute vomiting cases, the first step should always be to starve the dog for 24 hours (while keeping plenty of water available ad lib). After the period of starvation, the dog should be offered small portions of a very bland food, such as chicken and boiled rice, for a few days. Meals should be fed as smaller portions several times a day, rather than one larger meal.
Though treating the symptom itself will often improve patient demeanor and comfort, it is no replacement for making a correct diagnosis of the underlying cause, and certain drugs can be harmful if given blindly (for example, giving metoclopromide to a dog with a gastric or intestinal obstruction). Certainly cases of acute and severe vomiting require immediate treatment, as dogs can become rapidly dehydrated, develop electrolyte imbalances and aspiration pneumonia otherwise.
Managing the vomiting dog
There are 2 goals when dealing with a vomiting dog:
1. Identify the underlying cause
2. Stop the vomiting in a safe and effective manner
In many cases, anti emetic therapy (the technical term for vomiting is emesis, and therefore drugs used to treat it are called anti emetics) is instigated immediately while the cause is being established.
A veterinarian will start by taking a full history, focusing especially on normal diet, recent medication, vaccination status and the description of the symptoms. He or she must first make sure that the dog is genuinely vomiting and not regurgitating, which has a completely different set of underlying causes. It is also important to get a graphic description of the material expelled, and whether it contained bile, fresh blood or what appears to be coffee granules (partly digested blood).
The next step is a full clinical examination, including carefully feeling the abdomen, taking the dogs rectal temperature and assessing the hydration status. Once this is completed, a veterinarian will have a slightly narrowed down list of differential diagnoses in mind. If the dog is not dehydrated, bright in demeanor, and both vital parameters and feeling the abdomen were normal, the veterinarian will often (and rightly so) make a presumptive diagnosis of gastritis, or gastroenteritis if diarrhea is present too, and prescribe antibiotics to combat the likely bacterial infection. The owner is then likely to be sent home with instructions to starve the dog for 24hrs and give bland food for a few days, alongside the antibiotics. The owner is instructed to monitor the dog closely, and return immediately if there are any signs of deterioration, or 2 to 3 days later for a routine check up.
If there are any findings in the clinical history or the physical examination that trigger concern, then further tests are necessary. The first of these is usually blood tests for hematology and biochemistry profiles. Urine and feces may also be analysed, the latter for either nasty bacteria or parasites. Additional laboratory tests may be required in certain circumstances, such as bile acid stimulation testing if liver dysfunction is suspected, or an ACTH stimulation test to look for adrenal disease.
The next stage of the work up involves imaging. The most useful is abdominal radiography (xrays), but ultrasonography and endoscopy can also be very important. Radiography and endoscopy both have to be carried out under general anesthesia, while ultrasonography can be performed conscious. If the imaging does not reveal the underlying cause then biopsies may be taken, either endoscopically guided or via exploratory surgery. Histopathology of these samples (studying the tissue microscopically) can give vital clues as to the cause, particularly by differentiating between inflammation and cancer.
The final diagnostic option is the therapeutic trial. If the dog gets better on the medication prescribed, then it must have been a certain type of disease that responds to that drug. By this rationale, wormers, antibiotics or an exclusion diet trial may be chosen.
Drugs used in the treatment of vomiting
1. Stomach protectants and antacids
These medications are useful when stomach ulceration is suspected. Examples include sucralfate (acts like a band aid over the ulcer), H2 antagonists (reduce acid production) and omeprazole (also reduces acidity).
2. Metoclopromide
This drug blocks a neurotransmitter in the brain called dopamine, which prevents activation of the vomiting centre in the brain (known as the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone). It is only partially effective in doing this though, and has the additional effect of increasing forward motility of the gut. This means it must never be given to dogs that might have a stomach or intestinal obstruction. It can also cause mental changes such as hyperactivity and disorientation.
3. Phenothiazines (e.g. Acepromazine, ACP)
These are effective at blocking the dopamine receptors mentioned above, in addition to other receptors involved in the vomiting reflex. They are usually used when metoclopromide has failed, but also have undesirable side effects such as low blood pressure and sedation.
4. Antihistamines
Histamine receptors are also present in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone, the part of the brain that controls the vomiting reflex. Antihistamines are effective in blocking vomiting that is due to motion sickness, but are little use against other causes.
5. Domperidone
Domperidone has a similar action to metoclopromide in that it blocks dopamine receptors and secondarily blocks serotonin receptors, but it does not have the promotility effects of metoclopromide. However, side effects include vulval enlargement and possible effects on fertility.
6. Maropitant
This is a new drug that is a Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. It can be given orally or by injection, and is extremely effective at stopping vomiting by working both on the vomiting centre in the brain and on the stomach itself. It is deemed so effective at stopping vomiting that veterinarians must be careful to properly investigate potentially dangerous underlying causes, that could be masked fatally by this drug.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
DIFF SET
Keywords:
Disciplining children displaying asperger characteristic behavior will often require an approach which is somewhat unique to that of other children. Finding the balance between understanding the needs of a child with aspergers and discipline which is age appropriate and situationally necessary is achievable when applying some simple but effective strategies. These strategies can be implelented both at home or in more public settings.
DIFF SET
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
General Behaviour Problems
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
No URL
Traditional discipline may fail to produce the desired results for children with Aspergers syndrome, primarily because they are unable to appreciate the consequences of their actions. Consequently, punitive measures are apt to exacerbate the type of behavior the punishment is intended to reduce, whilst at the same time giving rise to distress in both the child and parent.
At all times the emotional and physical wellbeing of your child should take priority. Often this will necessitate removing your child from a potentially disressing situation as soon as possible. Consider maintaining a diary of your child's behavior with a view to ascertaining patterns or triggers. Recurring behavior may be indicative of a child taking some satisfaction in receiving a desired response from peers, parents or teachers.
For example, a child with Aspergers may come to understand that hurting another child in class will result in his being removed from class, notwithstanding the associated consequence to his peer. The solution may not be most effectively rooted in punishing the child for the behavior, or even attempting to explain the situation from the perspective of their injured peer, but by treating the root cause behind the motivation for the misbehavior...for example, can the child be made more comfortable in class so that they will not want to leave it?
One of the means to achieve this may be to focus on the positive. Praise for good behavior, and reinforcement by way of something like a Reward Book, can assist. The use of encouraging verbal cues delivered in a calm tone are likely to elicit more beneficial responses than the harsher verbal warnings which might be effective on children who are not displaying some sort of Asperger characteristic. If necessary, when giving directions to cease a type of misbehavior, these should also be couched as positives rather than negatives. For example, rather than telling a child to stop hitting his brother with the ruler, the child should be directed to put the ruler down.
Obsessive or Fixated Behaviour
Almost all children go through periods of development where they become engrossed in one subject matter or another, but children with Aspergers often display obsessive and repetitive characteristics, which can have significant implications for behaviour.
For example, if an Aspergers child becomes fixated upon reading a particular story each night, they may become distressed if this regime is not adhered to, or if the story is interrupted. Again, the use of a behavior diary can assist in identifying fixations for your child. Once a fixation is identified, it is important to set appropriate boundaries for your child. Providing a structure within which your child can explore the obsession can assist in then keeping the obsession within reasonable limits, without the associated angst which might otherwise arise through such limitations. For example, tell your child that they may watch their favourite cartoon for half an hour after dinner, and make clear time for that in their routine.
It is appropriate to utilise the obsession to motivate and reward your child for good behaviour. Always ensure any reward associated with positive behavior is granded immediately to assist the child recognising the nexus between the two.
A particularly useful technique to try to develop social reciprocity is to have your child talk for five minutes about a particularly favoured topic after they have listened to you talk about an unrelated topic. This serves to help your child understand that not everyone shares their enthusiasm for their subject matter.
Bridging The Gap Between Aspergers and Discipline and Other Siblings
For siblings without Aspergers syndrome, the differential and what at times no doubt appears to be preferential treatment received by an Aspergers sibling can give rise to feelings of confusion and frustration. Often they will fail to understand why their brother or sister apparently seems free to behave as they please without the normal constraints placed upon them.
It is important to explain to siblings, or peers of Aspergers children and encourage open discussion about the disorder itself. Encouragement should extend to the things siblings can do to assist the Aspergers child, and this should be positively reinforced through acknowledgement when it occurs.
Sleep Difficulties
Aspergers Children are renouned for experiencing sleep problems. Children with Aspergers may have lesser sleep requirements, and as such are more likely to become anxious about sleeping, or may find they become anxious when waking during the night or early in the morning.
Combat your child's anxiety by making their bedrooms a place of safety and comfort. Remove or store items which might be prone to injur your child if they decide to wander at night. Include in the behavioral diary a record of your child's sleep patters. It may assist your child if you keep a list of their routine, including dinner, bath time, story and bed, in order to provide structure. Include an image or symbol of them waking in the morning to provide assurance as to what will happen. Social stories have proven to be a particularly successful tactic in decreasing a child's anxiety by providing clear instructions on how part of their day is likely to play out.
At School
Another Asperger characteristic is that children will often experience difficulty during parts of the school day which lack structure. If left to their own devices their difficulties with social interaction and self management can result in anxiety. The use of a buddy system can assist in providing direction, as can the creation of a timetable for recess and lunch times. These should be raised with class teachers and implemented with their assistance.
Explain the concept of free time to your child, or consider providing a separate purpose or goal for your child during such time, such as reading a book, or helping to set up paint and brushes for the afternoon tasks.
In Public
Children with Aspergers can become overwhelmed to the point of distress by even a short sourjourn in public. The result is that many parents with Aspergers simply seek to avoid as much as possible situations where their child is exposed to the public. Whilst expedient, it may not offer the best long term solution to your child, and there are strategies to assist with outings.
Consider providing your child with an ipod, or have the radio on in the car to block out other sounds and stimuli. Prepare a social story or list explaining to the child a trip to the shops, or doctor. Be sure to include on the list your return home. Consider giving your child a task to complete during the trip, or having them assist you. At all times, maintaining consistency when dealing with Aspergers and discipline is key. It pays to ensure that others involved in your child's care are familiar with your strategies and techniques, such as those outlined above, and are able to apply them.
Most importantly, don't hesitate to seek support networks for parents with Aspergers syndrome, and take advantage of the wealth of knowledge those who have dealt with the disorder before you have developed. The assistance you can gain from these and other resources can assist you in developing important strategies to deal with problems with Aspergers in a manner most beneficial to your child.
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
DIFF SET
Tags:
Most people, even trained gemologists, cannot tell the difference between diamond and CZ, with the naked eye. Moreover, to the untrained eye, CZ looks identical to a good quality diamond. However, under closer inspection, CZ appears to have slightly less brilliance (or sparkle) than a diamond, and more fire, or flashes of color.
DIFF SET
Diamond or Cubic Zirconia - Knowing the Difference Can Save You Money!
CZs were originally developed by the Russians, for their space program. They were developed as an alternative to diamonds that were used in the optics of their lasers. CZs have a refractive index, dispersion and hardness so close to a diamond it's uncanny.
Diamond or Cubic Zirconia - Knowing the Difference Can Save You Money!
No URL
So what are some key features that can guide you in telling the difference between diamond and CZ? Do keep in mind, though, in order to accurately distinguish the two gems, gemological equipment such as microscope, or loupe, must be used for testing and verification.
To start, let's take a look at the hardness factor: Did you know CZ ranges between 8.5 to 9.0 on the Mohs' hardness scale whereas diamond, one of the hardest materials known to man, is rated 10, lying at the top of the hardness scale?
Furthermore, glass (or sand) is rated approximately 5 to 6 on the hardness scale, therefore, dust and dirt will not scratch CZ. Indeed, CZ can scratch glass just like regular diamonds, making it more resistant to chipping.
One great difference between diamond and CZ is weight. CZs are heavyweights in comparison to diamonds; a CZ will weigh approximately 1.75 times more than a diamond of equivalent size. So basically, a piece of CZ the same size as a one-carat diamond weighs about 1.75 carats. Well...isn't that interesting?
Contemporary production of CZ is virtually flawless, whereas diamond usually contains impurities and inclusions, or have some sort of defect, be it a feather, included crystal, or perhaps a remnant of an original crystal face (e.g. trigons).
In regards to color--more precisely, the lack of color--only the rarest of diamonds are truly colorless, as most have a tinge of yellow or brown to some extent. By comparison, CZ in most cases can be made entirely colorless, equivalent to a perfect "D" on diamond's color grading scale.
Also, under close inspection with a loupe, the facet shapes of some CZs appear different from diamonds. Both gems disperse light a little differently. Dispersion is just a scientific term for the breaking up of light into its spectral colors. With a dispersive power greater than diamond (0.060 vs. 0.044), the more prismatic fire of CZ can be seen by even an untrained eye.
Dispersion occurs based on the gem's refractive index. In this case, refractive index simply indicates how much a beam of light will bend, based on the direction in which it is traveling when it passes between two materials of different optical densities (such as between diamond and air; or between CZ and air). Being that CZ has a refractive index of 2.176, compared to a diamond's 2.417, diamonds are therefore said to be brighter than CZ.
Another difference between the two gems is that CZs are thermal insulators--meaning, they reduce the rate of heat transfer--whilst diamonds are among the most efficient thermal conductors--meaning, they allow heat to easily pass through them. Without testing the gems' heat conductivity, it can be difficult to tell them apart.
Remember, it is a 50/50 guess to identify a gem by visual inspection; it is not a scientific method of authentication. That is why even certified and degreed gemologists use gemological equipment for testing and verification.
You will also be glad to know that CZs are not only durable and inexpensive, but just like diamonds, they come in any color of the rainbow, making them even more desirable.
There have been many instances to see if jewelers can tell the difference between diamond and cubic zirconia, just by examining the gems with the naked eye. Over and over again, it was inconclusive; jewelers could not tell the difference just by looking at the gems. So you can now understand why the difference between diamond and cubic zirconia rests in the price, and in the mind...
Diamond or Cubic Zirconia - Knowing the Difference Can Save You Money!
DIFF SET
Keywords:
The one thing under the fabulous makeover these vehicles usually have in common is the old batteries and components. The other thing is; they typically are set up to operate at really slow speeds (12 mph or so). You guys that have rented golf carts at your local course know why they do that. To operate on public roads and be categorized as a LSV, many municipalities require the vehicle to go 20 mph, and must be equipped with lights, seat belts and a horn. The lights and belts are pretty easy to deal with but getting your cart to go 20 mph is another story. Even if you are not trying to make it street legal, most users want the extra speed capability just to add more usefulness and enjoyment. 12 mph is just too painfully slow for most users. If you think that 12 mph is fast enough, give it a few weeks.
DIFF SET
High Speed Golf Carts: Choosing Your Options
OK, so you are ready to do whatever it takes to make that baby fly. Well maybe 20 mph isn't exactly flying but it will sure feel like you were if you get dumped out at that speed. Safety belts are a good idea at any speed. The first thing to determine is how fast you really want to go and how are you going to use the vehicle? Is the terrain flat or hilly? Will you be hauling cargo of any substantial weight (No, I don't mean your mother-in-law)? For hills and/or heavy loads, you will need to also increase the torque of the cart. This means a more powerful motor and probably an upgraded motor controller to handle the extra current demands of the motor. There are several vendors that can supply such upgrades, but they can get expensive. Be sure to do your homework and shop around. If you have just a standard cart and use it on basically flat ground, you have a few more options:
High Speed Golf Carts: Choosing Your Options
No URL
• Taller Tires - Increasing the diameter of the drive tires increases the distance they will roll for each revolution of the axle, thus increasing the speed your cart will go. You first need to know how fast you can go with the standard 18.5 inch tall tires. Most portable GPS units can be used as a speedometer to find that. If you don't want to crunch the math, there are several free online calculators to help you determine how much speed you will gain with the new taller tires. A very good one is located the Digital Overdrive Systems website. Although increasing the tire size will increase you speed, the torque will suffer somewhat. That means you may have to leave your mother-in-law home! Tire size is also limited by the wheel opening. Most large tires require the cart be "lifted" which may not always be desirable and can be costly. The speed gain is relatively small (a couple of mph increase)
• High Speed Gear Set- In the differential housing or rear axle, resides a gear reduction system. The motor has a small gear that drives the axle's larger gear. Typically the motor rotates about 12 times for every one revolution of the axle. This is how the relatively low-power motor gains a mechanical advantage to propel the cart. Like the gears on a bicycle, it is easier to pedal when the drive sprocket is on the small diameter one. To go faster, you need to advance to the larger drive sprocket. The bike goes faster, but it is harder to pedal. In a golf cart speed gear set, the ratio is similarly changed by increasing the drive gear diameter, and the cart runs faster. Like the bicycle though, the motor has to provide more force "torque" to the axle. This type of modification is great for speed but will sacrifice low-speed torque (your mother-in-law again) and is not recommended for hilly areas. Installation can be messy due to the gear lubricant and requires some skill and know how.
• Increase Motor RPM - Increasing the Revolutions per Minute or RPM's of the motor is one of the most popular techniques for increasing a golf cart's speed. This type of modification does not sacrifice low-end torque like the two previously mentioned ones. Golf cart electric motors are designed to operate at a certain maximum RPM (typically around 3600 RPM) at either 36 volts or 48 volts and provide a good balance between speed and torque of the end product. Aftermarket motors have their field and armature windings redesigned such that they achieve greater RPM than the stock ones. If the motor spins at twice the original RPM, a 12 mph cart could reach as much as 24 mph. The motors are safe and reliable but can require the addition of a high current Controller to operate at full potential. Aftermarket "speed motors" are available from a number of vendors but can be rather expensive due to all the copper wire in the windings. There is one vendor that provides a really simple and easy upgrade for Club Car IQ carts called a SpeedyLink, which increases the RPM of the stock motor by about 50% without any additional modifications.
Whichever method you use to increase the speed of you golf cart, be sure to use good judgment and utilize proper safety equipment. Carting can be fun and functional for everyone and has many applications. Be safe enjoying your fast golf cart. Watch for more articles about golf cart upgrades and maintenance.
High Speed Golf Carts: Choosing Your Options
DIFF SET
Tags:
Disciplining children displaying asperger characteristic behavior will often require an approach which is somewhat unique to that of other children. Finding the balance between understanding the needs of a child with aspergers and discipline which is age appropriate and situationally necessary is achievable when applying some simple but effective strategies. These strategies can be implelented both at home or in more public settings.
DIFF SET
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
General Behaviour Problems
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
No URL
Traditional discipline may fail to produce the desired results for children with Aspergers syndrome, primarily because they are unable to appreciate the consequences of their actions. Consequently, punitive measures are apt to exacerbate the type of behavior the punishment is intended to reduce, whilst at the same time giving rise to distress in both the child and parent.
At all times the emotional and physical wellbeing of your child should take priority. Often this will necessitate removing your child from a potentially disressing situation as soon as possible. Consider maintaining a diary of your child's behavior with a view to ascertaining patterns or triggers. Recurring behavior may be indicative of a child taking some satisfaction in receiving a desired response from peers, parents or teachers.
For example, a child with Aspergers may come to understand that hurting another child in class will result in his being removed from class, notwithstanding the associated consequence to his peer. The solution may not be most effectively rooted in punishing the child for the behavior, or even attempting to explain the situation from the perspective of their injured peer, but by treating the root cause behind the motivation for the misbehavior...for example, can the child be made more comfortable in class so that they will not want to leave it?
One of the means to achieve this may be to focus on the positive. Praise for good behavior, and reinforcement by way of something like a Reward Book, can assist. The use of encouraging verbal cues delivered in a calm tone are likely to elicit more beneficial responses than the harsher verbal warnings which might be effective on children who are not displaying some sort of Asperger characteristic. If necessary, when giving directions to cease a type of misbehavior, these should also be couched as positives rather than negatives. For example, rather than telling a child to stop hitting his brother with the ruler, the child should be directed to put the ruler down.
Obsessive or Fixated Behaviour
Almost all children go through periods of development where they become engrossed in one subject matter or another, but children with Aspergers often display obsessive and repetitive characteristics, which can have significant implications for behaviour.
For example, if an Aspergers child becomes fixated upon reading a particular story each night, they may become distressed if this regime is not adhered to, or if the story is interrupted. Again, the use of a behavior diary can assist in identifying fixations for your child. Once a fixation is identified, it is important to set appropriate boundaries for your child. Providing a structure within which your child can explore the obsession can assist in then keeping the obsession within reasonable limits, without the associated angst which might otherwise arise through such limitations. For example, tell your child that they may watch their favourite cartoon for half an hour after dinner, and make clear time for that in their routine.
It is appropriate to utilise the obsession to motivate and reward your child for good behaviour. Always ensure any reward associated with positive behavior is granded immediately to assist the child recognising the nexus between the two.
A particularly useful technique to try to develop social reciprocity is to have your child talk for five minutes about a particularly favoured topic after they have listened to you talk about an unrelated topic. This serves to help your child understand that not everyone shares their enthusiasm for their subject matter.
Bridging The Gap Between Aspergers and Discipline and Other Siblings
For siblings without Aspergers syndrome, the differential and what at times no doubt appears to be preferential treatment received by an Aspergers sibling can give rise to feelings of confusion and frustration. Often they will fail to understand why their brother or sister apparently seems free to behave as they please without the normal constraints placed upon them.
It is important to explain to siblings, or peers of Aspergers children and encourage open discussion about the disorder itself. Encouragement should extend to the things siblings can do to assist the Aspergers child, and this should be positively reinforced through acknowledgement when it occurs.
Sleep Difficulties
Aspergers Children are renouned for experiencing sleep problems. Children with Aspergers may have lesser sleep requirements, and as such are more likely to become anxious about sleeping, or may find they become anxious when waking during the night or early in the morning.
Combat your child's anxiety by making their bedrooms a place of safety and comfort. Remove or store items which might be prone to injur your child if they decide to wander at night. Include in the behavioral diary a record of your child's sleep patters. It may assist your child if you keep a list of their routine, including dinner, bath time, story and bed, in order to provide structure. Include an image or symbol of them waking in the morning to provide assurance as to what will happen. Social stories have proven to be a particularly successful tactic in decreasing a child's anxiety by providing clear instructions on how part of their day is likely to play out.
At School
Another Asperger characteristic is that children will often experience difficulty during parts of the school day which lack structure. If left to their own devices their difficulties with social interaction and self management can result in anxiety. The use of a buddy system can assist in providing direction, as can the creation of a timetable for recess and lunch times. These should be raised with class teachers and implemented with their assistance.
Explain the concept of free time to your child, or consider providing a separate purpose or goal for your child during such time, such as reading a book, or helping to set up paint and brushes for the afternoon tasks.
In Public
Children with Aspergers can become overwhelmed to the point of distress by even a short sourjourn in public. The result is that many parents with Aspergers simply seek to avoid as much as possible situations where their child is exposed to the public. Whilst expedient, it may not offer the best long term solution to your child, and there are strategies to assist with outings.
Consider providing your child with an ipod, or have the radio on in the car to block out other sounds and stimuli. Prepare a social story or list explaining to the child a trip to the shops, or doctor. Be sure to include on the list your return home. Consider giving your child a task to complete during the trip, or having them assist you. At all times, maintaining consistency when dealing with Aspergers and discipline is key. It pays to ensure that others involved in your child's care are familiar with your strategies and techniques, such as those outlined above, and are able to apply them.
Most importantly, don't hesitate to seek support networks for parents with Aspergers syndrome, and take advantage of the wealth of knowledge those who have dealt with the disorder before you have developed. The assistance you can gain from these and other resources can assist you in developing important strategies to deal with problems with Aspergers in a manner most beneficial to your child.
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
DIFF SET
Tags:
What is vomiting?
DIFF SET
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
Vomiting is the expulsion of food, fluid or debris from the stomach or small intestine due to coordinated movements of the gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. It is important to differentiate this from regurgitation, which is a passive process rather than a coordinated effort like vomiting.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
No URL
Regurgitation is a sign of disease in the esophagus, such as obstructions (foreign bodies such as a stick, bone or toy, or a stricture), esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) or megaesophagus (dilatation of the esophagus due to weakening of the smooth muscle). The main difference between regurgitation and vomiting is that regurgitation is effortless, while vomiting is accompanied by strong abdominal contractions.
How can I tell vomiting and regurgitation apart?
Sometimes this is not easy to do. Generally speaking, if it happens immediately after eating it is more likely to be regurgitation (though vomiting can still occur then). If the content of the material expelled appears to be completely undigested food, this also supports regurgitation. If the presence of bile can be confirmed though, it is more likely to be vomiting.
Causes of vomiting
The most common causes of vomiting are dietary related, either through dietary indiscretion (e.g. overeating, eating overly rich or spoiled food) which causes acute (sudden) vomiting, or adverse food reactions (food allergies) which can cause chronic (long term and intermittent) vomiting.
However, there are a huge number of other causes arising from either the gastrointestinal system itself (stomach and small intestine) or secondary to disease elsewhere in the body (e.g. liver or kidney disease). Within the stomach, possible causes include:
1. Gastritis (inflammatory disease)
2. Stomach ulceration
3. Stomach cancer
4. Obstruction (foreign bodies, telescoping of intestine)
5. Hiatal hernia (part stomach herniating through the diaphragm)
Possible causes within the intestine include:
1. Infectious diseases (e.g. parvovirus)
2. Worms
3. Inflammatory bowel disease
4. Intestinal cancer
Secondary causes of vomiting that are due to disease elsewhere in the body include:
1. Pancreatitis (infection or inflammation of the pancreas)
2. Peritonitis (infection in the abdominal cavity)
Other potential causes that do not fit into the above categories are drug reactions (e.g. digoxin, chemotherapy drugs, NSAIDs) and neurological disorders.
Treatment of vomiting
Vomiting is a symptom, not a disease in itself. Whether or not treatment is appropriate depends upon the individual circumstances. If the dog is only vomiting occasionally, is bright and otherwise normal on examination, treatment is probably not necessary. Some dogs with sensitive digestive systems will vomit once or twice a month regardless of any treatment, and if they are otherwise well this should be ignored.
For acute vomiting cases, the first step should always be to starve the dog for 24 hours (while keeping plenty of water available ad lib). After the period of starvation, the dog should be offered small portions of a very bland food, such as chicken and boiled rice, for a few days. Meals should be fed as smaller portions several times a day, rather than one larger meal.
Though treating the symptom itself will often improve patient demeanor and comfort, it is no replacement for making a correct diagnosis of the underlying cause, and certain drugs can be harmful if given blindly (for example, giving metoclopromide to a dog with a gastric or intestinal obstruction). Certainly cases of acute and severe vomiting require immediate treatment, as dogs can become rapidly dehydrated, develop electrolyte imbalances and aspiration pneumonia otherwise.
Managing the vomiting dog
There are 2 goals when dealing with a vomiting dog:
1. Identify the underlying cause
2. Stop the vomiting in a safe and effective manner
In many cases, anti emetic therapy (the technical term for vomiting is emesis, and therefore drugs used to treat it are called anti emetics) is instigated immediately while the cause is being established.
A veterinarian will start by taking a full history, focusing especially on normal diet, recent medication, vaccination status and the description of the symptoms. He or she must first make sure that the dog is genuinely vomiting and not regurgitating, which has a completely different set of underlying causes. It is also important to get a graphic description of the material expelled, and whether it contained bile, fresh blood or what appears to be coffee granules (partly digested blood).
The next step is a full clinical examination, including carefully feeling the abdomen, taking the dogs rectal temperature and assessing the hydration status. Once this is completed, a veterinarian will have a slightly narrowed down list of differential diagnoses in mind. If the dog is not dehydrated, bright in demeanor, and both vital parameters and feeling the abdomen were normal, the veterinarian will often (and rightly so) make a presumptive diagnosis of gastritis, or gastroenteritis if diarrhea is present too, and prescribe antibiotics to combat the likely bacterial infection. The owner is then likely to be sent home with instructions to starve the dog for 24hrs and give bland food for a few days, alongside the antibiotics. The owner is instructed to monitor the dog closely, and return immediately if there are any signs of deterioration, or 2 to 3 days later for a routine check up.
If there are any findings in the clinical history or the physical examination that trigger concern, then further tests are necessary. The first of these is usually blood tests for hematology and biochemistry profiles. Urine and feces may also be analysed, the latter for either nasty bacteria or parasites. Additional laboratory tests may be required in certain circumstances, such as bile acid stimulation testing if liver dysfunction is suspected, or an ACTH stimulation test to look for adrenal disease.
The next stage of the work up involves imaging. The most useful is abdominal radiography (xrays), but ultrasonography and endoscopy can also be very important. Radiography and endoscopy both have to be carried out under general anesthesia, while ultrasonography can be performed conscious. If the imaging does not reveal the underlying cause then biopsies may be taken, either endoscopically guided or via exploratory surgery. Histopathology of these samples (studying the tissue microscopically) can give vital clues as to the cause, particularly by differentiating between inflammation and cancer.
The final diagnostic option is the therapeutic trial. If the dog gets better on the medication prescribed, then it must have been a certain type of disease that responds to that drug. By this rationale, wormers, antibiotics or an exclusion diet trial may be chosen.
Drugs used in the treatment of vomiting
1. Stomach protectants and antacids
These medications are useful when stomach ulceration is suspected. Examples include sucralfate (acts like a band aid over the ulcer), H2 antagonists (reduce acid production) and omeprazole (also reduces acidity).
2. Metoclopromide
This drug blocks a neurotransmitter in the brain called dopamine, which prevents activation of the vomiting centre in the brain (known as the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone). It is only partially effective in doing this though, and has the additional effect of increasing forward motility of the gut. This means it must never be given to dogs that might have a stomach or intestinal obstruction. It can also cause mental changes such as hyperactivity and disorientation.
3. Phenothiazines (e.g. Acepromazine, ACP)
These are effective at blocking the dopamine receptors mentioned above, in addition to other receptors involved in the vomiting reflex. They are usually used when metoclopromide has failed, but also have undesirable side effects such as low blood pressure and sedation.
4. Antihistamines
Histamine receptors are also present in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone, the part of the brain that controls the vomiting reflex. Antihistamines are effective in blocking vomiting that is due to motion sickness, but are little use against other causes.
5. Domperidone
Domperidone has a similar action to metoclopromide in that it blocks dopamine receptors and secondarily blocks serotonin receptors, but it does not have the promotility effects of metoclopromide. However, side effects include vulval enlargement and possible effects on fertility.
6. Maropitant
This is a new drug that is a Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. It can be given orally or by injection, and is extremely effective at stopping vomiting by working both on the vomiting centre in the brain and on the stomach itself. It is deemed so effective at stopping vomiting that veterinarians must be careful to properly investigate potentially dangerous underlying causes, that could be masked fatally by this drug.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
DIFF SET
Tags:
What is vomiting?
DIFF SET
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
Vomiting is the expulsion of food, fluid or debris from the stomach or small intestine due to coordinated movements of the gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. It is important to differentiate this from regurgitation, which is a passive process rather than a coordinated effort like vomiting.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
No URL
Regurgitation is a sign of disease in the esophagus, such as obstructions (foreign bodies such as a stick, bone or toy, or a stricture), esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) or megaesophagus (dilatation of the esophagus due to weakening of the smooth muscle). The main difference between regurgitation and vomiting is that regurgitation is effortless, while vomiting is accompanied by strong abdominal contractions.
How can I tell vomiting and regurgitation apart?
Sometimes this is not easy to do. Generally speaking, if it happens immediately after eating it is more likely to be regurgitation (though vomiting can still occur then). If the content of the material expelled appears to be completely undigested food, this also supports regurgitation. If the presence of bile can be confirmed though, it is more likely to be vomiting.
Causes of vomiting
The most common causes of vomiting are dietary related, either through dietary indiscretion (e.g. overeating, eating overly rich or spoiled food) which causes acute (sudden) vomiting, or adverse food reactions (food allergies) which can cause chronic (long term and intermittent) vomiting.
However, there are a huge number of other causes arising from either the gastrointestinal system itself (stomach and small intestine) or secondary to disease elsewhere in the body (e.g. liver or kidney disease). Within the stomach, possible causes include:
1. Gastritis (inflammatory disease)
2. Stomach ulceration
3. Stomach cancer
4. Obstruction (foreign bodies, telescoping of intestine)
5. Hiatal hernia (part stomach herniating through the diaphragm)
Possible causes within the intestine include:
1. Infectious diseases (e.g. parvovirus)
2. Worms
3. Inflammatory bowel disease
4. Intestinal cancer
Secondary causes of vomiting that are due to disease elsewhere in the body include:
1. Pancreatitis (infection or inflammation of the pancreas)
2. Peritonitis (infection in the abdominal cavity)
Other potential causes that do not fit into the above categories are drug reactions (e.g. digoxin, chemotherapy drugs, NSAIDs) and neurological disorders.
Treatment of vomiting
Vomiting is a symptom, not a disease in itself. Whether or not treatment is appropriate depends upon the individual circumstances. If the dog is only vomiting occasionally, is bright and otherwise normal on examination, treatment is probably not necessary. Some dogs with sensitive digestive systems will vomit once or twice a month regardless of any treatment, and if they are otherwise well this should be ignored.
For acute vomiting cases, the first step should always be to starve the dog for 24 hours (while keeping plenty of water available ad lib). After the period of starvation, the dog should be offered small portions of a very bland food, such as chicken and boiled rice, for a few days. Meals should be fed as smaller portions several times a day, rather than one larger meal.
Though treating the symptom itself will often improve patient demeanor and comfort, it is no replacement for making a correct diagnosis of the underlying cause, and certain drugs can be harmful if given blindly (for example, giving metoclopromide to a dog with a gastric or intestinal obstruction). Certainly cases of acute and severe vomiting require immediate treatment, as dogs can become rapidly dehydrated, develop electrolyte imbalances and aspiration pneumonia otherwise.
Managing the vomiting dog
There are 2 goals when dealing with a vomiting dog:
1. Identify the underlying cause
2. Stop the vomiting in a safe and effective manner
In many cases, anti emetic therapy (the technical term for vomiting is emesis, and therefore drugs used to treat it are called anti emetics) is instigated immediately while the cause is being established.
A veterinarian will start by taking a full history, focusing especially on normal diet, recent medication, vaccination status and the description of the symptoms. He or she must first make sure that the dog is genuinely vomiting and not regurgitating, which has a completely different set of underlying causes. It is also important to get a graphic description of the material expelled, and whether it contained bile, fresh blood or what appears to be coffee granules (partly digested blood).
The next step is a full clinical examination, including carefully feeling the abdomen, taking the dogs rectal temperature and assessing the hydration status. Once this is completed, a veterinarian will have a slightly narrowed down list of differential diagnoses in mind. If the dog is not dehydrated, bright in demeanor, and both vital parameters and feeling the abdomen were normal, the veterinarian will often (and rightly so) make a presumptive diagnosis of gastritis, or gastroenteritis if diarrhea is present too, and prescribe antibiotics to combat the likely bacterial infection. The owner is then likely to be sent home with instructions to starve the dog for 24hrs and give bland food for a few days, alongside the antibiotics. The owner is instructed to monitor the dog closely, and return immediately if there are any signs of deterioration, or 2 to 3 days later for a routine check up.
If there are any findings in the clinical history or the physical examination that trigger concern, then further tests are necessary. The first of these is usually blood tests for hematology and biochemistry profiles. Urine and feces may also be analysed, the latter for either nasty bacteria or parasites. Additional laboratory tests may be required in certain circumstances, such as bile acid stimulation testing if liver dysfunction is suspected, or an ACTH stimulation test to look for adrenal disease.
The next stage of the work up involves imaging. The most useful is abdominal radiography (xrays), but ultrasonography and endoscopy can also be very important. Radiography and endoscopy both have to be carried out under general anesthesia, while ultrasonography can be performed conscious. If the imaging does not reveal the underlying cause then biopsies may be taken, either endoscopically guided or via exploratory surgery. Histopathology of these samples (studying the tissue microscopically) can give vital clues as to the cause, particularly by differentiating between inflammation and cancer.
The final diagnostic option is the therapeutic trial. If the dog gets better on the medication prescribed, then it must have been a certain type of disease that responds to that drug. By this rationale, wormers, antibiotics or an exclusion diet trial may be chosen.
Drugs used in the treatment of vomiting
1. Stomach protectants and antacids
These medications are useful when stomach ulceration is suspected. Examples include sucralfate (acts like a band aid over the ulcer), H2 antagonists (reduce acid production) and omeprazole (also reduces acidity).
2. Metoclopromide
This drug blocks a neurotransmitter in the brain called dopamine, which prevents activation of the vomiting centre in the brain (known as the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone). It is only partially effective in doing this though, and has the additional effect of increasing forward motility of the gut. This means it must never be given to dogs that might have a stomach or intestinal obstruction. It can also cause mental changes such as hyperactivity and disorientation.
3. Phenothiazines (e.g. Acepromazine, ACP)
These are effective at blocking the dopamine receptors mentioned above, in addition to other receptors involved in the vomiting reflex. They are usually used when metoclopromide has failed, but also have undesirable side effects such as low blood pressure and sedation.
4. Antihistamines
Histamine receptors are also present in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone, the part of the brain that controls the vomiting reflex. Antihistamines are effective in blocking vomiting that is due to motion sickness, but are little use against other causes.
5. Domperidone
Domperidone has a similar action to metoclopromide in that it blocks dopamine receptors and secondarily blocks serotonin receptors, but it does not have the promotility effects of metoclopromide. However, side effects include vulval enlargement and possible effects on fertility.
6. Maropitant
This is a new drug that is a Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. It can be given orally or by injection, and is extremely effective at stopping vomiting by working both on the vomiting centre in the brain and on the stomach itself. It is deemed so effective at stopping vomiting that veterinarians must be careful to properly investigate potentially dangerous underlying causes, that could be masked fatally by this drug.
Help, My Dog is Vomiting
DIFF SET
Tags:
We generally recommend that an injured worker seek out an experienced workers' compensation attorney and at the very least get an initial consultation. Now, we believe it's even more important for an employee to have someone on their side who is familiar with the law. The new law affects injuries occurring on or after September 1, 2011.
DIFF SET
Changes to Illinois' Workers' Compensation Law in 2011
Illinois workers are still allowed to choose their own doctor, as well as a second doctor if they want to switch or get a second opinion. And any referrals from these doctors should be covered, as well. This is known as two chains of referrals. However, employers now are permitted to have preferred provider networks (PPOs) for workers' compensation, and the law penalizes employees if they don't choose one of these approved providers. If an employee opts out of the network (which is allowed if requested in writing), it counts as one of their choices of doctors, and they are left with just one.
Changes to Illinois' Workers' Compensation Law in 2011
No URL
Doctors and other health care providers who treat injured workers are paid from a set fee schedule. The new law reduces the fees, paying providers about 30% for treatment of work injuries. Again, this reduces the cost for employers.
In addition to restricting doctor choice and reducing doctor fees, the new changes to the law limit wage benefits, as well. When a worker is unable to return to their previous occupation, or must work for less pay as a result of their work injury, they are entitled to a wage differential. These are payments given to the worker for a portion of the difference in their pre- and post-injury wages. These benefits used to be available indefinitely, and even for life. The law now says they can continue for five years, or until the worker turns 67, whichever is later.
Benefits for carpal tunnel syndrome, a repetitive stress injury, are limited, as well. In order to determine benefits, this type of injury is measured by a percentage of loss of used of the hand. The new law limits the percentage to 15% (and 30% in some cases), and caps benefits at 190 weeks.
The 2011 changes also affect how a worker proves their case. In situations where a worker was intoxicated at the time of the injury, the law still says that the worker can get benefits if the intoxication was not the cause of the injury. So if the worker was drinking on the job, and then something heavy randomly fell on them, they could still get benefits. However, if they were drinking and their drunkenness caused them to stumble and bump into a shelf, which then caused something heavy to fall on them, benefits would be unlikely. The new law makes these cases more difficult for injured workers by saying if they fail a drug or alcohol test, it is assumed that the intoxication was the cause and it's up to the worker to prove otherwise. This puts the burden on the employee. The law also says that benefits will not be available for workers who are highly intoxicated. (You can't get benefits in any situation if you are acting "outside the scope of your employment" when injured; extreme intoxication puts the worker in this category, according to the new law.)
Another restriction on the availability of benefits is when it comes to proving permanent disability. An employee's testimony is no longer considered a good way to determine this. Instead, arbitrators must look at a list of objective factors, including the employee's age, occupation, future earning capacity, and evidence of disability in medical records.
One more notable change: All the arbitrators will be terminated and must reapply if they want their position back. We suspect that most will be rehired.
There are additional changes to the text of the law, but in our opinion these are the most significant. If you have any questions, talk to an attorney who focuses their practice in this area. They should be fully aware of the new laws and ready to explain how they might affect your claim. If you already have a claim, or your injury occurred prior to September 1, 2011, the new laws likely won't affect your case.
Changes to Illinois' Workers' Compensation Law in 2011
DIFF SET
Tags:
The one thing under the fabulous makeover these vehicles usually have in common is the old batteries and components. The other thing is; they typically are set up to operate at really slow speeds (12 mph or so). You guys that have rented golf carts at your local course know why they do that. To operate on public roads and be categorized as a LSV, many municipalities require the vehicle to go 20 mph, and must be equipped with lights, seat belts and a horn. The lights and belts are pretty easy to deal with but getting your cart to go 20 mph is another story. Even if you are not trying to make it street legal, most users want the extra speed capability just to add more usefulness and enjoyment. 12 mph is just too painfully slow for most users. If you think that 12 mph is fast enough, give it a few weeks.
DIFF SET
High Speed Golf Carts: Choosing Your Options
OK, so you are ready to do whatever it takes to make that baby fly. Well maybe 20 mph isn't exactly flying but it will sure feel like you were if you get dumped out at that speed. Safety belts are a good idea at any speed. The first thing to determine is how fast you really want to go and how are you going to use the vehicle? Is the terrain flat or hilly? Will you be hauling cargo of any substantial weight (No, I don't mean your mother-in-law)? For hills and/or heavy loads, you will need to also increase the torque of the cart. This means a more powerful motor and probably an upgraded motor controller to handle the extra current demands of the motor. There are several vendors that can supply such upgrades, but they can get expensive. Be sure to do your homework and shop around. If you have just a standard cart and use it on basically flat ground, you have a few more options:
High Speed Golf Carts: Choosing Your Options
No URL
• Taller Tires - Increasing the diameter of the drive tires increases the distance they will roll for each revolution of the axle, thus increasing the speed your cart will go. You first need to know how fast you can go with the standard 18.5 inch tall tires. Most portable GPS units can be used as a speedometer to find that. If you don't want to crunch the math, there are several free online calculators to help you determine how much speed you will gain with the new taller tires. A very good one is located the Digital Overdrive Systems website. Although increasing the tire size will increase you speed, the torque will suffer somewhat. That means you may have to leave your mother-in-law home! Tire size is also limited by the wheel opening. Most large tires require the cart be "lifted" which may not always be desirable and can be costly. The speed gain is relatively small (a couple of mph increase)
• High Speed Gear Set- In the differential housing or rear axle, resides a gear reduction system. The motor has a small gear that drives the axle's larger gear. Typically the motor rotates about 12 times for every one revolution of the axle. This is how the relatively low-power motor gains a mechanical advantage to propel the cart. Like the gears on a bicycle, it is easier to pedal when the drive sprocket is on the small diameter one. To go faster, you need to advance to the larger drive sprocket. The bike goes faster, but it is harder to pedal. In a golf cart speed gear set, the ratio is similarly changed by increasing the drive gear diameter, and the cart runs faster. Like the bicycle though, the motor has to provide more force "torque" to the axle. This type of modification is great for speed but will sacrifice low-speed torque (your mother-in-law again) and is not recommended for hilly areas. Installation can be messy due to the gear lubricant and requires some skill and know how.
• Increase Motor RPM - Increasing the Revolutions per Minute or RPM's of the motor is one of the most popular techniques for increasing a golf cart's speed. This type of modification does not sacrifice low-end torque like the two previously mentioned ones. Golf cart electric motors are designed to operate at a certain maximum RPM (typically around 3600 RPM) at either 36 volts or 48 volts and provide a good balance between speed and torque of the end product. Aftermarket motors have their field and armature windings redesigned such that they achieve greater RPM than the stock ones. If the motor spins at twice the original RPM, a 12 mph cart could reach as much as 24 mph. The motors are safe and reliable but can require the addition of a high current Controller to operate at full potential. Aftermarket "speed motors" are available from a number of vendors but can be rather expensive due to all the copper wire in the windings. There is one vendor that provides a really simple and easy upgrade for Club Car IQ carts called a SpeedyLink, which increases the RPM of the stock motor by about 50% without any additional modifications.
Whichever method you use to increase the speed of you golf cart, be sure to use good judgment and utilize proper safety equipment. Carting can be fun and functional for everyone and has many applications. Be safe enjoying your fast golf cart. Watch for more articles about golf cart upgrades and maintenance.
High Speed Golf Carts: Choosing Your Options
DIFF SET
Tags:
Disciplining children displaying asperger characteristic behavior will often require an approach which is somewhat unique to that of other children. Finding the balance between understanding the needs of a child with aspergers and discipline which is age appropriate and situationally necessary is achievable when applying some simple but effective strategies. These strategies can be implelented both at home or in more public settings.
DIFF SET
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
General Behaviour Problems
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
No URL
Traditional discipline may fail to produce the desired results for children with Aspergers syndrome, primarily because they are unable to appreciate the consequences of their actions. Consequently, punitive measures are apt to exacerbate the type of behavior the punishment is intended to reduce, whilst at the same time giving rise to distress in both the child and parent.
At all times the emotional and physical wellbeing of your child should take priority. Often this will necessitate removing your child from a potentially disressing situation as soon as possible. Consider maintaining a diary of your child's behavior with a view to ascertaining patterns or triggers. Recurring behavior may be indicative of a child taking some satisfaction in receiving a desired response from peers, parents or teachers.
For example, a child with Aspergers may come to understand that hurting another child in class will result in his being removed from class, notwithstanding the associated consequence to his peer. The solution may not be most effectively rooted in punishing the child for the behavior, or even attempting to explain the situation from the perspective of their injured peer, but by treating the root cause behind the motivation for the misbehavior...for example, can the child be made more comfortable in class so that they will not want to leave it?
One of the means to achieve this may be to focus on the positive. Praise for good behavior, and reinforcement by way of something like a Reward Book, can assist. The use of encouraging verbal cues delivered in a calm tone are likely to elicit more beneficial responses than the harsher verbal warnings which might be effective on children who are not displaying some sort of Asperger characteristic. If necessary, when giving directions to cease a type of misbehavior, these should also be couched as positives rather than negatives. For example, rather than telling a child to stop hitting his brother with the ruler, the child should be directed to put the ruler down.
Obsessive or Fixated Behaviour
Almost all children go through periods of development where they become engrossed in one subject matter or another, but children with Aspergers often display obsessive and repetitive characteristics, which can have significant implications for behaviour.
For example, if an Aspergers child becomes fixated upon reading a particular story each night, they may become distressed if this regime is not adhered to, or if the story is interrupted. Again, the use of a behavior diary can assist in identifying fixations for your child. Once a fixation is identified, it is important to set appropriate boundaries for your child. Providing a structure within which your child can explore the obsession can assist in then keeping the obsession within reasonable limits, without the associated angst which might otherwise arise through such limitations. For example, tell your child that they may watch their favourite cartoon for half an hour after dinner, and make clear time for that in their routine.
It is appropriate to utilise the obsession to motivate and reward your child for good behaviour. Always ensure any reward associated with positive behavior is granded immediately to assist the child recognising the nexus between the two.
A particularly useful technique to try to develop social reciprocity is to have your child talk for five minutes about a particularly favoured topic after they have listened to you talk about an unrelated topic. This serves to help your child understand that not everyone shares their enthusiasm for their subject matter.
Bridging The Gap Between Aspergers and Discipline and Other Siblings
For siblings without Aspergers syndrome, the differential and what at times no doubt appears to be preferential treatment received by an Aspergers sibling can give rise to feelings of confusion and frustration. Often they will fail to understand why their brother or sister apparently seems free to behave as they please without the normal constraints placed upon them.
It is important to explain to siblings, or peers of Aspergers children and encourage open discussion about the disorder itself. Encouragement should extend to the things siblings can do to assist the Aspergers child, and this should be positively reinforced through acknowledgement when it occurs.
Sleep Difficulties
Aspergers Children are renouned for experiencing sleep problems. Children with Aspergers may have lesser sleep requirements, and as such are more likely to become anxious about sleeping, or may find they become anxious when waking during the night or early in the morning.
Combat your child's anxiety by making their bedrooms a place of safety and comfort. Remove or store items which might be prone to injur your child if they decide to wander at night. Include in the behavioral diary a record of your child's sleep patters. It may assist your child if you keep a list of their routine, including dinner, bath time, story and bed, in order to provide structure. Include an image or symbol of them waking in the morning to provide assurance as to what will happen. Social stories have proven to be a particularly successful tactic in decreasing a child's anxiety by providing clear instructions on how part of their day is likely to play out.
At School
Another Asperger characteristic is that children will often experience difficulty during parts of the school day which lack structure. If left to their own devices their difficulties with social interaction and self management can result in anxiety. The use of a buddy system can assist in providing direction, as can the creation of a timetable for recess and lunch times. These should be raised with class teachers and implemented with their assistance.
Explain the concept of free time to your child, or consider providing a separate purpose or goal for your child during such time, such as reading a book, or helping to set up paint and brushes for the afternoon tasks.
In Public
Children with Aspergers can become overwhelmed to the point of distress by even a short sourjourn in public. The result is that many parents with Aspergers simply seek to avoid as much as possible situations where their child is exposed to the public. Whilst expedient, it may not offer the best long term solution to your child, and there are strategies to assist with outings.
Consider providing your child with an ipod, or have the radio on in the car to block out other sounds and stimuli. Prepare a social story or list explaining to the child a trip to the shops, or doctor. Be sure to include on the list your return home. Consider giving your child a task to complete during the trip, or having them assist you. At all times, maintaining consistency when dealing with Aspergers and discipline is key. It pays to ensure that others involved in your child's care are familiar with your strategies and techniques, such as those outlined above, and are able to apply them.
Most importantly, don't hesitate to seek support networks for parents with Aspergers syndrome, and take advantage of the wealth of knowledge those who have dealt with the disorder before you have developed. The assistance you can gain from these and other resources can assist you in developing important strategies to deal with problems with Aspergers in a manner most beneficial to your child.
Aspergers and Discipline - Real Strategies to Deal With Aspergers Behavior
DIFF SET
Keywords:
The first definition of white collar crime is attributed to the noted criminologist Edwin Sutherland. Sutherland is well known for the theory of "differential association". This theory states that criminal behavior is learned in association with others rather than an inherent personality trait. Sutherland's definition of white collar crime is: "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation" (1939).
DIFF SET
White Collar Crime and Punishment
White collar crimes are in many cases also referred to as corporate crimes. These can consist of forgery, embezzlement, extortion, identity theft, securities fraud, conspiracy and computer crime among others.
White Collar Crime and Punishment
No URL
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has their own definition that is more narrowly defined as: "those illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence" (1989)
What are the penalties for White Collar Crime Convictions?
White collar crimes can be prosecuted on either the state or federal level, depending on what kind of law was broken. Penalties for these types of crimes vary. Sentencing is dependent on the amount of money involved in the fraudulent activity and there are no firm rules in determining this amount. Convictions usually result in jail time, large fines and restitution to the victims of the crime. In state jurisdictions sentences are usually lighter than the maximum sentences allowed for the crime. The mean sentence for fraud is 12 months; embezzlement, 9.9 months; bribery, 16.2 months; tax offenses, 16.6 months; antitrust fraud, 12.7 months; and money laundering, 46.3 months
If the crime is considered a federal offense mandatory federal sentencing guidelines come into play. Federal sentencing guidelines which give judges very limited discretion have been around since 1987. Largely in response to the high profile corporate fraud cases of Enron, World Com and the like, sentencing was stiffened in 2002. The maximum punishment for wire and mail fraud, the most common white-collar infractions, was increased from 5 to 20 years. Sentencing Commission statistics show that the rates of incarceration for certain white collar crimes are greater than those for criminals who possess drugs or firearms. In comparison the maximum federal punishment for voluntary manslaughter is ten years.
Controversial Sentencing for White collar Crime
There has been a large amount of controversy concerning the severity of federal mandatory sentencing guidelines. Congress passed the Sarbanes- Oxley Act in 2002. This legislation set new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms, and also set sentencing standards for convictions. Since it was passed Congress and the Supreme Court has faced the issue on numerous occasions trying to further define the laws and determine whether to strengthen or weaken the penalties for a conviction. It does not look as if the controversy will lessen in the near future.
